Analysis of the Coffee Industry in Ethiopia

Analysis of the Coffee Industry in Ethiopia SUMMARY Ethiopia is the home and basis of inherent resources and coffee Arabica diversities. It relies greatly on export of key agricultural products in which coffee is the major and significant crop. The country has a reputation of high quality coffee due to its branded varieties of coffee. But, most of the coffee farmers in Ethiopia are not capable of getting the benefits connected with production and marketing of a finest quality product due to production, institutional and organizational supports, storage and functioning of domestic and international market related constraints (ODI, 2009). Smallholder farmers are the main producers of coffee by contributing 95 percent of the total coffee output in Ethiopia. However, the different challenges faced by coffee farmers chiefly affect their livelihood and discourage them to engage actively in the process of coffee production and marketing which lead to a significantly decreases in the country’s foreign exchange. This suggests that it is very critical to study and monitor systematically the production and marketing systems in all coffee growing areas of the country for the sake of planning and designing suitable research and development interventions that are applicable to the specific systems. Thus, the purpose of the study is to analyze the trends of coffee sector in Ethiopia in general and generate baseline information on production and marketing of coffee in Mana woreda of Jimma zone, one of the coffee growing areas of Ethiopia in particular by concentrating on parameters like production, marketing, institutional and organizational support conditions and challenges and opportunities of the farm households. To achieve the objectives of the study, Mana woreda was purposefully selected. A two stage random sampling technique was applied for the study as there were two sample units, i.e., Kebeles (Peasant Associations) and farm households. In the first stage, four kebeles were selected randomly out of 27 kebeles in the study woreda. In the second stage, a total of 90 farm households were selected randomly from all of the four kebeles to generate a year round primary data on coffee production and marketing by means of semi-structured questionnaire. The required secondary data were also collected from relevant data sources. Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to enter the row data and exported to the statistical software called â€Å"SPSS version 20† to analyze the data for descriptive statistics method of analysis. The socio-economic characteristics of the sample respondents in the study area revealed that majority of coffee farm households were males (93.3%) whereas the remaining were females. The age of the farm household head ranges from 20 to 68 years. The average age of the coffee farmers was 42.23 years. About 90 percent lie within the most actively working age category (18-64 years). 92.2% of the farm households were married while the rest were widowed and single. The average family size of the farm households was 5.44. The distribution of household heads by their level of education showed that about 42.2% of farm household heads were illiterate and 27.8% can read and write. 24.4% had formal education up to grade 8, while 5.6% attained secondary education and above. An average dependency ratio of farmers is 0.71, which is better off compared to the national average, i.e., 0.97. All of the farm households in the study area were practicing farming activities, where cultivation of coffee took the major share. Coffee production (forest, semi-forest and garden coffee) is the main means of livelihood. Grain production (mainly Maize, Sorghum and Teff), Fruit production (especially Avocado) and Off-farm activities are also reported as the other means of income for the farm households. The coffee farmers have an average of 21 years of farming experience (ranging from 4 to 38 years) in coffee production. The majority of the sample farmers (82.2%) own the land between 1 ha and 3 ha. The average land holding in the study area was 1.84 ha per household (min. 0.5 ha and max. 6 ha) which is two times more than the national average (0.8 ha). About 67.8 percent of smallholder farmers acquired their land through inheritance from their families and 27.8 percent has got the land officially from the governed kebeles (Peasant Associations) through redistribution. The study found out that crop production is the primary farming activity in the study area where cultivation of coffee took the major share. Coffee production (forest, semi-forest and garden coffee) is the basis of livelihood for the farmers. Farm households allocate larger portion of their land for coffee production and used inter-cropping method of producing coffee with other crops mainly for consumption purposes and some of the crops helped to produce more coffee by serving as shade trees. Majority of the farmers owned forest and semi-forest coffees. Only 10 percent of the farmers cultivate garden coffee. The average yield of produced coffee was 13.33 quintal/ha which is larger than the national average (7.2 quintal/ha). All of the farmers produced both red cherry and sun dried coffee. The proportion of sun dried coffee (63%) is higher than that of the red cherry (37%). Farm households used different sources of labor for their coffee farm work (such as land clearing, planting and harvesting) in the study area. The major source of labor was family labor (75%). Traditional form (Debo) and hired labor were also the other sources. The entire coffee farmers were not used inorganic fertilizer, and chemical inputs like insecticide or pesticide for their coffee production. But majority (64.4%) of the farmers used traditional or organic manure instead of chemical inputs. This confirms that the type of coffee produced in the study area was naturally organic. They also have a habit of planting new coffee seedlings which are provided from their own nursery, local market and woreda ARDO. Coffee is harvested at the full maturity stage and stripping method of harvesting is mainly used since majority of the farmers owned forest/semi-forest coffees. Coffee farmers used traditional and temporary storage houses with poor storage facilities which affected negatively th e inherent qualities and appearance of the green coffee. Results about coffee marketing showed that coffee growers, local collectors, wholesalers and cooperatives participated in coffee marketing channels with an availability of market places near to villages and with easy road access and proximity to larger towns. Farmers sell their coffee in the form of red cherry during harvesting and in sun-dried form after storing for some months for cooperatives, local collectors and wholesalers. The prices of red cherry and sun-dried coffee in the market were not stable and fluctuating from time to time. Meanwhile, the trend of coffee market is apparently decreasing across time as a result of this fluctuation and volatility of coffee price. Cooperatives purchase the majority of the red cherry coffee and give better coffee prices more than the local traders. Farm households were forced to sell their coffee produce at a lower price to local traders who exclusively set the price when cooperatives are inactive in the market due to absence of collective bargaining power and lack of price and market information. The principal cost of the farmers was cost of transporting coffee to the market followed by labor cost. Regarding with institutional and organizational support schemes for coffee farmers, denial to formal credit is predominant for majority of the farm households despite the closeness to financial institutions in the study area due to restricted criteria or inappropriate loan terms (related to grace period, duration of payment and collective eligibility), high rate of interest and inaccessibility of credit agents. The extension services provided for farmers from DAs were not adequate and effective enough to support farmers in order to enhance their coffee production and marketing activities because of shortages of technical expertise, facilities as well as ineffective means of communication. Primary cooperative associations which deal with coffee are found in the study area and most of the coffee farmers (85.6%) are members. The members are mainly benefited from cooperatives in getting better price than other traders, accessibility to sell their coffee products, transportation, provision of credit and training services. Thus, cooperatives are playing a vital role in improving the production and marketing problems of coffee farmers. Coffee farm households in Mana woreda faced both production and marketing problems. One of the most frequent production problems encountered by coffee farmers was coffee berry disease. This is exacerbated since all of the farmers are producing organic coffee which excludes the use of fungicides and other chemicals. High number of old trees death and shortage of shade trees; absence of improved technologies or traditional way of production; inadequacy of appropriate extension services with qualified experts; change of weather condition; scarcity of land and shortage of improved seeds and its higher cost were the other production constraints faced by the coffee farmers. The most frequent marketing problem was coffee market price volatility. Transport facilities; lack of price and market information; absence of collective bargaining/price setting; lack of access and availability of credit; middle men interference; theft; and traditional storage facility and packing materials were also t he subsequent marketing problems of coffee farmers in the study area. Despite the challenges, there are also opportunities for coffee farmers in Mana woreda. Suitable agro-ecology, accumulated traditional or ancestral knowledge of farmers with experience; better access to infrastructure and proximity to local market places; variety of coffee types suitable for roasting industries; cheap provision of labor; growing domestic coffee consumption and a scope of value added niche product are the main opportunities. Therefore, relevant development programs that participates the farming community under the prevailing farming system should be planned and effectively executed. A number of actions need to be undertaken in order to promote the development of coffee market chain. This particularly includes, capacity building, technological applications and improved extension services. Institutional and organizational support condition is also a key to improve the coffee production and marketing constraints of farm households. In this ground, emphasis should be given to expand transportation system and storage facilities, offering formal credit and effective extension services and strengthen cooperative associations to support farmers in coffee production and marketing.

Introduction to the Sciences Essay

The statement that; â€Å"Computers are part of our everyday lives.† Is so correct, I don’t think the people of today would know how to do anything without the computer. Between the desktop top computers and laptops to the smart phone everything can be stored using less space and the ability to locate stuff so much more easier that if the world of today lost computers around the world for even just an hour would put this world in an uproar. There are three essential properties of every material that scientists use as a premise for almost every study. The kind of atoms is the first one that the material is made up of. You will have your neutral elements and your compound elements. The neutral elements have the same amount of protons and electrons, which basically cancel each other out leaving them neutral. The compound element deals with combining more than one element. In the way those atoms are arrange is the second one. The best example of this is by comparing the atoms of liquid and the atoms of solids. For example the atoms of liquids move around much more freely than the atoms of solids which are packed together. The third one is the way the atoms are bonded together. There are also four key properties one must understand when studying a material. The first is strength which has the ability of a solid to resist changes in shape. The strength of the material, which means it must be able to withstand the forces being applied to it without breaking, is the first. There are three distinguished different kinds of strength that scientists and engineers recognize. One is the ability to withstand crushing, another is its ability to withstand pulling apart and the last one is its ability to withstand shearing. The most critical key property to us is those that control the flow electricity. An electrical conductor is capable of carrying an electrical current. See more: how to start an essay Which means electrons can flow freely. However, there are also other materials that can also conduct electricity, like saltwater that contains ions of sodium and chlorine, which also freely move if they become of an electric current. Electrical insulators are a material that will not conduct electricity unless they come into contact with an extremely high voltage that can pull the electrons loose. Semiconductors and Superconductors are the third properties. Semiconductors are neither good conductor nor are they a perfect insulator. But, they are the most important components of our electronic age. A superconductor is a property that exhibits materials that when cooled within a few degrees of absolute zero. The last one is the magnetic properties of materials. Even though we may not pay much attention to magnets they are a part of our daily lives. Magnets are in most of our electric motors or our stereo speakers and many other things we use on a daily bases. Now before we look at microchips and the information revolution, we must learn about doped semiconductors. Doping is intentionally introduces impurities into a pure semiconductor. There are two really important consequences with doping semiconductors the first being, is there are conductions electron in the material and the second one being phosphorus ion that has been left behind has a positive charge. A u-type semiconductor is a semiconductor doped with phosphorus because a moving charge is a negative charge. A p-type semiconductor is when silicon can be doped with an element like aluminum. When the aluminum is dope into a crystal structure there is one less valence electron. This missing electron creates a material tat can easily carry an electrical current. Once it starts moving around the aluminum atom has now acquired an extra electron which has a negative charge. When placing a u-type semiconductor against a p-type semiconductor negative charge electrons will diffuse from the u–type to the p-type whereas positive charged holes will diffuse the opposite way, p-type to u-type. A semiconductor like this is known as a diode. Once constructed a permanent electrical field pushes electrons across the boundary from u-type to the p-type. As the electrons flow in the diode the current flows normally. However, when it is reversed the electrons are blocked by the built in electrical field. This makes the diode allow a one way passage to allow the electrical current in only direction. By the use of a device called photovoltaic cell the semiconducting diodes play a very important role in the future of the U.S. It is nothing more than a thin layer of u –type material bonded to thicker layer of p-type material. The photovoltaic cells are in hand calculators, cameras and televisions. A transistor is a device that s based on our entire information age. It is just like a sandwich. One would have a u-type, p-type, u-type and another would be a p-type, u-type, p-type. Both transistors control the flow of electrons. Even though diodes and transistors still have a role in modern electronic they have mostly be replaced by much more complex arrays of p and u type semiconductors called microchips. The first transistors built where about the size of a golf ball but now days they can be as small as a grain of rice. Microchips incorporate hundreds to thousands of transistors in one intergrated circuit that is designed to perform a specific function. Computer science is a branch o f science that’s main goal is to create intelligence in machines and robots. It is known as artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is the study of man-made computational devices and systems which can be made to act in a manner which we would be inclined to call intelligent. Artificial intelligence research is highly technical, it is deeply divided into subfields that do fail to communicate with each other. The differences between the computer brain and the human brain is that the human brain is composed of soft organic tissue made mostly of fat. The computer brain, however, is composed of hard, inorganic materials made mostly of silicon and copper. Another difference between the two brains is that the human brain’s software-the mind-exists only metaphysically and the computer’s brain knows only what it was programmed to know, well at least so far anyways. References: The Sciences: An Integrated Approach Edition 7 Chapter 11 Materials and Their Properties http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

Top Essays about Yourself Choices

Top Essays about Yourself Choices Things You Won't Like About Essays about Yourself and Things You Will Pay a visit to your college library and ask the librarian to assist you find a number of the critiques out there. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to locate some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. College essays are a critical portion of your college application and a great way to showcase who you are. Once you comprehend the prompt, it is possible to now brainstorm and draft your college application essay. There's a greater chance you will accomplish your aims by writing them down. Inside my opinion, life may exist on other planets, but we aren't likely to find it quite soon. You don't need to be a walking thesaurus but a tiny variance can make the exact idea sparkle. What You Need to Do About Essays about Yourself Starting in the Next Three Minutes You see, the conventions of English essays are some what more formulaic than you may think and, in a variety of ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. 1 approach to think about the conclusion is, paradoxically, as a second introduction since it does actually contain a number of the exact capabilities. Generally, employing the coming of the essay to paint a scene or mood can be quite powerful. These examples will allow you to make up your mind on where to locate a sample of a fantastic critique. Additionally, your assignment is formatted and referenced according to the style employed in the University, so that there aren't any issues that you've got to face. Conclusion should clearly state your urge to study at a specific university. Review what you've been requested to address in your essay Sometimes educational institutions wish to learn more than just your career objectives. In conclusion, it would appear that assignment essays continue to get a prominent part in tertiary education as an assessment tool. What Needs t o be Done About Essays about Yourself In the event the author is an individual, then their very first name is used first. Our writers are in fact subject matter experts and have the ability to comprehend the topic and execute the assignment flawlessly. Most writers clearly lay the premise of this issue and the direction where the essay will be. As the last paragraph is represents your very last opportunity to earn your case and, being such, should stick to an extremely rigid format. Ensure your conclusion is catchy. By way of example, I, you, me, your, unless you're writing the conclusion in which you're permitted to elaborate your opinion on the topic issue. The decision of your essay holds a whole lot of importance because not only are you summarizing all the info you wrote above in the essay but you're also provided an opportunity to spell out your own personal views about the topic. In the IELTS writing test, you cannot write your essay like you're talking to someone. So as to write a fine part of paper it is crucial to pick the topic very carefully. You don't want an amateur to take care of your paper, which might determine your future. When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that supplies a general review of the paper. Second, be sure your writing is focused and clear. Be sure you are focused in writing and it has to be clear. Many trustworthy writing services are eager to provide essay help. Making it too complex isn't a great thing either. Some of the greatest research paper introduction samples incorporate primary resources supporting the argument or research of the issue. Seriously, there are dozens and dozens of applicants and if you don't express your necessity your application will wind up lying with all the rest weak entries. Now that you know the fundamental information regarding the IELTS writing test, following are a couple of ideas you can thoroughly look in to so you are able to score a greater band or at the very least, a normal band that's around 7.0. Even though the response may start to deal with the assigned task, it features no development. Therefore, either you would like to learn more about how to compose an essay, or you desire some essay writing services or even in c ase you would like to go through some sample essays, then just refer to WritingBest and all of your requirements will be fulfilled once possible. There's a specific procedure of how essays ought to be written. You could also lack enough knowledge on the subject, or you aren't good in using English language for writing essays. Though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it shouldn't be considered an afterthought. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you might want to argue is a great start. The Essays about Yourself Cover Up Even today exists a group of men and women who believe essay writing is the simplest portion of any educational program and that which you should do there, is to just go on writing whatever and wherever you really feel like writing whatever comes in your mind. Bear in mind, all type of activities you're speaking about in the essay must be associated with the scholarship program. In addition, keep in mind who's interviewing you. You shouldn't begin writing if you're undecided on what you wish to write, while it is about events, experiences and others. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and an appropriate structure. You must be sure you will share about expe riences, events and individual characteristics. It's also advisable to allow it to be sure that you've provided references and quotations, in case you have taken some ideas from external resources. All the reference items begin with the title of the information resource. Whispered Essays about Yourself Secrets Ultimately, however, remember that fantastic writing doesn't happen by accident. On occasion a very good instance of what you're attempting to achieve is well worth a 1000 words of advice! The very first sentence is also a means to make an effect. The who refers to the folks that are involved and is usually the topic of the sentence.

Hemingway Code Hero Essay - 1172 Words

Ernest Hemingway, author of The Sun Also Rises, brands his main character Jake Barnes, a Hemingway code hero. The Hemingway code hero is defined as one who faces several problems yet faces them with undeniable dignity; when under pressure he deals with it with so much poise, it is hard to detect he is faced with a challenge. Also according to Hemingway, this man must accept that the world can bring misery upon anyone and while realizing this must learn to enjoy life (Melvin C. Miles). This man will also fear the dark because it represents the â€Å"nothingness† of life after death. Hemingway provides his main character Jake, with the problem of impotence which causes a hindrance between Jake and Brett – the love of his life. Brett is the one†¦show more content†¦Jake acknowledges this even more when he says he was a little ashamed, and regretted that I was such a rotten Catholic, but realized there was nothing I could do about it, at least for a while I only wished I felt religious and maybe I would be the next time.† When Jake tries to defeat this problem, he faces it directly and tries to pray, he gets sleepy. In the text, it describes Jake praying: I knelt and started to pray and prayed for everybody I thought of Brett and Mike and Bill and Robert Cohn and myself and all the bullfighters separately for the one I liked and humping all the rest, then I prayed for myself again and while I was getting sleepy. It is evident that Jake does not have a deeper connection with God or his religion as he would like to have. Instead, he is repeatedly trying to confront his non existing spiritual life. Jake’s satisfaction is not derived from religion but rather from the pleasure he derives from partaking in activities such as drinking. Hemingway believed that satisfaction must come from physical and material things likewise such as â€Å"good food, drink or sex† (Miles). In addition to this, Hemingway involves his heroes in unreasonable wounds or losses that they should not focus on. Rather, they should deviate from focusing on their flaws and enjoy life. Since Jake is impotent, he must abstainShow MoreRelatedThe Existence Of Hemingway s Code Hero1639 Words   |  7 PagesHemingway’s â€Å"Code Hero† was first explored in 1952 by Hemingway expert Philip Young in his book Ernest Hemingway (Later revised in 1962 as Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration). Hemingway himself defines the Code Hero as â€Å"a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painfulâ⠂¬ . Ultimately the Code Hero will lose because even heroes are mortal, but the true measure of a man is how they face death. The Code HeroRead MoreJake Barnes As A Hemingway Code Hero1229 Words   |  5 PagesAlessandro Pereyra Mr. Platt IB English-SL 6 November 2015 Jake Barnes as a Hemingway Code Hero in The Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway developed the Hemingway code hero after World War I as a representation of those who suffered after the brutality of war. Featured in many of Hemingway’s novels, the Hemingway Code Hero adheres to an unwritten, tacit set of self-established values and guidelines throughout all venues of life. He is a man characterized with a severe amount of drinking, enjoys anRead MoreA Farewell to Arms: the Hemingway Code Hero1354 Words   |  6 PagesA Farewell to Arms: The Hemingway Code Hero #9; Ernest Hemingways 1914-1918 autobiographical novel, A Farewell to Arms, takes place on the Italian front during World War I. Frederic Henry, the main character, is a young American ambulance driver for the Italian army during the war. He is extremely disciplined and courageous, but feels detached from life. Rinaldi, a surgeon and friend of Frederics, introduces him to an English nurse named Catherine Barkley. Once introduced, Frederic discoversRead More Plight of the Code Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay2466 Words   |  10 PagesThe Plight of the Code Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his novels Ernest Hemingway suggests a code of behavior for his characters to follow: one that demands courage in difficult situations, strength in the face of adversity, and grace under pressure.   Termed the code hero, this character is driven by the principal ideals of honor, courage, and endurance in a life of stress, misfortune, and pain.   Despite the heros fight against life in this violent and disorderly worldRead MoreEssay on The Hemingway Code Hero and The Old Man in the Sea2251 Words   |  10 PagesThe Hemingway Code Hero and The Old Man in the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a beloved novel because of the style in which Hemingway writes, his idea of a hero, and how he applied it affectively. The code for his heroes way in which they act with courage, always strive to prove them selves one more time, not to complain about their suffering. The writing techniques brought the story in to full multimedia life by letting the reader see what is going on. Finally, the way it all just seems toRead MoreThe Hemingway Code Hero : The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1443 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Hemingway Code Hero in â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† Ernest Hemingway is among the most unmatched of American authors. In his works, he is often said to focus on gender roles, especially those of men. Hemingway often created characters that showed the characteristics that he believed made a boy into a man. However, these characteristics are not gender-specific, and could very well apply to women as well. This collection of characteristics became the Hemingway Code Hero. The HemingwayRead More Jake Barnes as Hemingway Code Hero in The Sun Also Rises Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesJake Barnes as Hemingway Code Hero in The Sun Also Rises      Ã‚  Ã‚   The portrayal of heroism is an essential aspect of literature, and every writer delineates his heroes through their ability to triumph over adversity. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) consistently defined and distinguished his heroes through an echoing set of characteristics that form a characteristic Hemingway Code Hero. A Code Hero is one that distinguishes himself by his ability to demonstrate graceRead MoreCharacter Analysis : A Farewell To Arms871 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the novel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, Frederic Henry’s actions and attitudes towards the people he meets and the experiences he encounters reflect his development as a Hemingway Code Hero. The Hemingway Hero is a very distant person who goes through life unattached. He is physically there, but emotionally uninvolved. Frederic Henry possesses these traits over the course of the book. He develops as a Hemingway Hero because no matter where he goes or what he experiences, he isRead More heroarms The Code Hero in A Farewell to Arms Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pages The Hemingway Code Hero innbsp;nbsp;A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway is a renowned American author of the Twentieth century who centers his novels around personal experiences and affections.nbsp; He is one of the authors named The Lost Generation. He could not cope with post-war America, and therefore he introduced a new type of character in writing called the code hero.nbsp; Hemingway is known to focus his novels around code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faultsRead MoreEssay on Santiago as Code Hero in The Old Man and the Sea1619 Words   |  7 Pages In Ernest Hemingway’s novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago demonstrates the traits of the code hero. The Hemingway’s code hero covers the principal ideals of honor, courage, and endurance in a misfortune life. Throughout the novel, Santiago shows a contrast between opposite attitudes and values which associate his behavior with the guidelines of the code. In this case, the depiction of conflicting values, such as dignity despite humility, perseverance despite despair, and victory despite defeat