Simpson S Criminal Case

Chapter by chapter guide Evidence Public Exposure The preliminary The decision References A resigned American football player, football supporter, representative, and entertainer, O. J. Simpson was conceived on the ninth of July 1947. Simpson was held and criminally charged for the homicides of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman. It was a long legitimate tussle that was held in the Californian unrivaled court.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Simpson ‘S Criminal Case explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Felman (2002) says that the Los Angeles case had such exposure to win the portrayal as the instance of Simpson against the individuals. The protracted preliminary anyway observed Simpson cleared. It went on for an entire nine months and was esteemed the longest preliminary at any point saw in the history books of California’s courts. With all due respect, O. J. Simpson had recruited such a group experienced in legal disputes with such regarded profile. This regarded prominent group was driven by Robert Shapiro, an able and educated individual in issues of the law. Robert Shapiro had taken an interest in differing cases to gain him the differentiation of a prominent figure. Later on, the prominent group was driven by F. Lee Bailey and Jonnie Cochran. A presentation of mind and astounding mental capacity described F. Jonnie Cochran when he practiced his capacity to persuade attendants that the DNA proof illustrated in court was indeed not strong proof against Simpson. Aeseng (196) takes note of that Cochran persuaded the jury that the proof was differently damaged. This was combined with the originality of this sort of logical development and revelation in the law courts as a dependable apparatus to show proof. Moreover F. Jonnie Cochran’s contentions weighted for his potential benefit the blood proof that it had been polluted and had no motivation to be continued as strong proof against Simpson in the homic ide preliminary. This and other proof cited in court were overwhelmingly invalidated under the capable administration of Cochran to the barrier of Simpson. The safeguard group contended that the Los Angeles Police Department at different occasions and in various conditions related with the examinations and treatment of proof unmistakably associated with so much wrongdoing as to warrant their proof invalid as indicated by (Felman, 2002). Ito (1995) sequentially reports that Simpson wedded Nicole Brown on February 2, 1985 with whom they had two youngsters, yet later separated in 1992. It was not until second June 1994 that Simpson’s previous spouse, Nicole Brown and her companion Ronald Goldman were discovered dead and Simpson cleared of any criminal allegations in a dubious legal dispute from that point. Nonetheless, Jury discoveries highlighted Simpson as subject for the demise of Ronald Goldman. Jury decisions from past preliminaries like the one that finished on third June 1995 known as â€Å"the preliminary of the century† and resulting ones absolved OJ Simpson of the two killings. Shosana (2002) calls attention to that these decisions drew clashes and encounters combined with disparate emotions along racial lines.Advertising Looking for exposition on african american? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was not until 1995 that OJ Simpson was articulated not blameworthy of the passings of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman after a progression of cases, for example, the common preliminary for improper demise on February fifth 1995, with related case on September fifth 2006, and his supposed admissions in his book â€Å"If I Did It† 2007. As indicated by Ito (1995), a progression of occasions prompted the capture of O. J. Simpson. This was the point at which the Los Angeles Police Department had been persuaded that Simpson could turn himself up to the police. Strangely, these charges ha d no bail. Notwithstanding the charges could putting Simpson in the conceivable danger of homicide, Simpson’s capture was set apart with media inclusion that proposed self destruction. The police were in a difficulty. They needed to get him definitely. His opportunity was where legal advisors had persuaded them to sit tight for him. It was a situation including the media, the police, and onlookers in their hundreds if not thousands. A pursuit for O. J. Simpson resulted including an expected twenty helicopters and different vehicles. The pursuit was never portrayed by any episode of trades of firearm shoot, however the weapons were held by either party. It reached a conclusion at around eight P.M when a couple of moments later Simpson gave up to the police. Proof According to Linder (2010), implicating proof on the association of OJ Simpson on the killings vouch for the demonstration. An observer had seen him stroll with his pooch and implicating proof of gloves found at the s cene and outside his house was proof of his contribution. A progression of occasions affirmed and gave proof implicating OJ Simpson of the homicides. On the said date, Simpson’s endeavor to call Paula from his mobile phone as Charles did, didn't see OJ Simpson on the critical were not fruitful. As per Linder (2010), OJ Simpson consolidated home viciousness with overpowering ruthlessness against Nicole Brown, proof of his severity towards her. Notwithstanding witness records of individuals seeing a man of the depiction of OJ Simpson in the area of homicide on the pivotal day, his belongings, for example, his white top, his call history affirmed against him. Furthermore, Simpson deceived Paula on his endeavor to call her from his Bronco, and Allan Park’s calendar to take Simpson to the air terminal on the portentous day fizzled (Linder 2010). Linder keeps on recording the realities that Allan’s attempt to buzz Simpson’s radio got no reaction. On further exa minations, Linder (2010) contends that hair was discovered steady with Simpson’s hair at the homicide scene and on Ron Goldman’s shirt. Other proof that point to him as the guilty party included fiber predictable with that of the floor covering in the Bronco were found on top at Bundy’s habitation, blood proof dropped close to shoe prints at Bundy’s when measurably investigated indicated that about 0.5% of the populace could coordinate that of OJ Simpson’s.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Simpson ‘S Criminal Case explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was decide later that Simpson had new injury cuts the day after the killings were carried out an away from to an association in a demonstration of injury, thusly highlighting the homicide. Linder (2010) gives a definite record of gloves that were found at the area of homicide coordinating his, and the accursing proof of shoes and odd calls structure Simp son to Paula and Nicole, with eminent apprehension of OJ Simpson when gone up against with inquiries regarding the passing casualties. Linder (2010) demonstrates that Glove proof: Left glove found at Bundy and right glove discovered Simpson home are Aris Light gloves, size XL, Nicole Brown purchased pair of Aris Light XL gloves in 1990 at Bloomingdale’s, Simpson wore Aris Light gloves from 1990 to June, 1994. Shoe proof: Shoe prints found at Bundy were from a size 12 Bruno Magli shoe, Bloody shoe impact on Bronco cover is steady with a Magli shoe, Simpson wore a size 12 shoe. Additional proof suggesting OJ Simpson as the culprit of the wrongdoing was the point at which he would not affirm in his legal dispute. Linder (2010) says that â€Å"Simpson didn't affirm at his criminal preliminary. Barrier lawyers will quite often call as an observer an understandable customer that they accept to be innocent†. Different preliminaries showed that Simpson had no huge exertion in finding the executioners as Shosana (2002) represents. Furthermore, â€Å"Subsequent to the criminal preliminary other proof of Simpson’s blame surfaced.â The most huge of the new proof may have been photos of Simpson wearing Bruno Magli shoes.â The new proof, along with a significant part of the proof considered in the criminal preliminary, persuaded a common jury that Simpson killed Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman† Linder (2010). What's more, Simpson admitted in his book â€Å"If I Did It† written in 2007. Showed DNA proof appeared to firmly affirm against Simpson. Generally new in figuring out who and what in tests, blood found at the scene had DNA that surely highlighted Simpson as the prime suspect. Aeseng (1996) depicts the blood tests as affirmed to be his after DNA tests were led to distinguish whose example the blood could be. Tests are tried and a walk led to decide the level of unwavering quality on the tests. They walked well and left little unce rtainty with respect to whom the blood found at the homicide scene had a place. Ito (1995) sees the blood tests found at various focuses obviously comparable that of Simpson. These blood tests were found in close Simpson’s Bronco, on a couple of sock having a place with Simpson that found on Goldman’s shirt additionally unequivocally highlighted Simpson as the guilty party, blood gathered by LAPD criminologist following half a month highlighted him, and fingerprints that were blood recolored likewise showed that Simpson was included. Anyway the blood proof was not without traps. Aeseng (1996) remarks that, among the inadequacies remembered unexplained conditions for which a blood test had disappeared from LA County District Attorney’s office. The assortment techniques for some blood tests from the area of the wrongdoing appeared to be imperfect and firmly proposed sullying. Other proof introduced in court was discredited as not dependable. The contentions were t hat sure shoes introduced didn't coordinate Simpson’s and that he had always lost such shoes. They were not his.Advertising Searching for paper on african american? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Open Exposure Though the case pulled in across the board media and open

Relationship Between SES and Child development in the United States Essay

Connection Between SES and Child improvement in the United States - Essay Example Numerous associations are gathering assets from ordinary citizens to give instruction to these children’s. These social orders are investing their best energy for sparing youngster from the state of vagrancy. They additionally welcome gifts from various individuals with the goal that these youngsters can likewise live like ordinary people. The primary point of these social orders is to spare destitute youngsters from different genuine infections in light of the fact that the greater part of the destitute kids kick the bucket as a result of these genuine ailments. These persevering groups are additionally spreading consciousness of destitute youngsters. Many assistance lines are likewise given by these associations so that on the off chance that any individual fined any youngster who is asking for fundamental necessities, at that point he can promptly contact on these numbers to give the data in right hands with the goal that the kid can be spared from each peril. Objective: Th e essential goal of this theory is to make sense of the fundamental issues the destitute youngsters in Florida and United States are confronting. What are their living status, what they do anticipate from us lastly what we can accomplish for those youngsters? Brief Review: As a capable resident it is our obligation to be delicate with respect to the destitute youngsters. As an enlightened society we as a whole ought to need to contribute our administrations as far as assets, physical assistance or whatever we can do. Brief Review of the Literature If we make estimation then there are more than one million youngsters in United States who are getting by without cover. The lives of these youngsters are inclined to different genuine illnesses like discourse issues, asthma assaults, issue in stomach because of inappropriate absorption and some more. A significant number of these kids kick the bucket in light of high sadness. A large number of these kids are undermined by their family in light of the fact that the group of these kids experiences low financial plan because of misfortunes in business or because of some different reasons. These children’s are compelled to desert their homes. However, after that the life of these individuals become more terrible and they lessen their learning capacities. The most exceedingly awful part in this activity is that a large portion of the kids are younger than 6 years. Furthermore, the lives of the youngsters younger than 6 years influence more. Inquires about structure â€Å"National Center on Family Homelessness (NCFH)† asserted that inside a solitary year there are 30% youngsters who are seized from their homes, 22% kids get isolated from their family, at any rate 25% of kids faces demonstration of brutality from their family. So for these kids there are numerous social orders and associations like â€Å"Homeless Children America† who are working for these little children. These associations planned fo r sparing lives and for giving essential necessities to these children’s (Natalie Thompson, 2011). These associations are centering to wipe out child’s vagrancy from United States. They are haggling with the legislature for moving the families living in inns into lasting houses. These association individuals are gathering assets to help instruction, food, attire and other fundamental things of youngsters. These associations are likewise dealing with different approaches for these kids. A portion of these approaches are administrative strategy which is actualized by state government. At the point when this approach is subsidized suitably by the state government then these assets are utilized in improving the state of little kids. Government is likewise helping for disposing of vagrancy from the United States. For this they have made 10 years

Ray-Ban Company

Ray-Ban Company Recommendation for a Future Marketing Strategic, Orientation of Ray-Ban Company Home›Marketing Posts›Recommendation for a Future Marketing Strategic, Orientation of Ray-Ban Company Marketing PostsIntroductionThe common ground is that most companies in this world of capitalism always want more. They want more profit, more shareholder value, and more market share, among others. The realizations of these objectives have been attained through the successful initiation, development and management of marketing strategies in most instances. Ray-Ban Company is one of the known companies around the world dealing with sunglass as a product.Ray-Bans were created in 1937.Ray-Ban in its operations targets consumers of the age between 12 and 30. This was initiated after critical analysis based on eye testing conducted in Zhejiang, Japan. Ray-Ban maker of the shades that are being worn by stars of the men in black movies has introduced its first global branding effort. The name of the targeted group is young professionals. The table below analyzes the young professional’s population and income status.GroupsPopulation in millionsIncomeMarried2.520,000$Unmarried1.830,000$Consumers have perceived value in Ray-Band because it costs less for them to buy as contrasted with competing brands offering similar benefits-costs driven benefits-and or when they have unique benefits that offset their premium prices-value added brands. From Ray-Bands point of view, the options presented are on whether to pursue a cost-driven or value-added competitive advantage in the support of either a broad or narrow approach to the target markets.DemographicThis group prefers anti-glare glasses because of their good educational background and steady income generation.The analysis factors that targets customers make a purchase of sunglass and also sympathise with the product.   Towards this, critical elements makes Ray-Band more personal and thus be endowed with the capacity to achieve long lasting customer loyalty. It is vividly seen that out of this group, 70% are male while 30% are female. This is due to the fact that in Zhejiang, engineering works that produce intense light are subjected to males. This has varied the spending ratio of male to female. That is ratio of 4:2.However, the occupations of young professionals has presented challenges, especially in the case where Ray-Band have not been able to accurately evaluate and assess their brands particular strengths and weaknesses objectively, take keen cognizance of intercultural communication and underline customer preferences.BehaviouralThe frequency in which the sunglasses are bought by the group has been depicted to be high. This is due to the fact that their choices based on sunglasses are of quality.   The maintenance of sustained value added attributes to be derived from a consumer brand and determine brand attachment or detachment is in essence the key to competitiveness. According to Reda, (1999), brands are a d irect consequence of the strategy of market segmentation and product differentiation. This point has been buttressed by Brassington and Pettit (2000) who have pointed out that branding act as a means of linking items within a product line or emphasising the individuality of product items. Other definitions have been advanced in literature but the key concurrence has been the emphasis on uniqueness and value provision to the consumer in a more efficient manner. This in essence has given rise to competitiveness in the market of ray-Band products. It been has noted, the key to success lies in finding a competitive advantage that others find hard to copy or imitate. Indeed, academic and empirical literature is of the opinion that companies such as Ray-Band that develop brands with a strong consumer franchise to be sufficiently insulated from any promotional strategies by the competitors. According to the author, this has been the reason why it makes sense for a supplier to invest heavil y in order to create strong or even global recognition and preference for its brand name.The table below analyses the buying rate of sunglasses in Ray-Ban Company.Consumers categorySpending   per shopAnnual spendingPotential spendMarried150$1800$100$Unmarried200$2400$120$ssThe attribute as advocated for by Keller (1993) is the need for consumers to fully develop an understanding of what the company means to the consumers. Consumer should appreciate the totality of all their brands images including such elements as the different perceptions, believes, attitudes, and behaviours customers associate with the brands whether created intentionally by the company or not. When an organization is confident about the customers likes and dislikes as well as the core attributes and associations that are interlinked with the brand, a well-grounded framework can be ascertained as regards whether any given action will dovetail nicely with the brand or will result in conflicts. This will go hand in hand with the 9th postulate that a brand is given proper support which is sustainable. This is because brand equity must at all times be carefully constructed on the basis of a firm foundation so that the customer develops a broadened awareness and strong, favourable and unique associations with the brand in their memories (Stewart, 1998).Consumers have contributed to the monitoring of the sources of brand equity largely attained through good and frequent use of in-depth brand audits and on-going brand tracking studies.According to Batra et Ray (1986), brands succeed in stirring deep emotions in consumers because they are positioned to capitalize on their unique characteristics which, in one or more aspects, their rivals find hard to emulate and hence their competitive advantages. This competitive advantage gives it a basis for outperforming competitors because of the value that consumers are able to present to the company. Consumers may sympathize with a company when they perceive value in brands when it costs less for them to buy as contrasted with competing brands offering similar benefits-costs driven benefits-and or when they have unique benefits that offset their premium prices-value added brands. From an organizations point of view in Ray-ban, the options presented are on whether to pursue a cost-driven or value-added competitive advantage in the support of either a broad or narrow approach to the target markets.In addition to the above, consumers in this case has comprised of 200 customers who have recorded complete trust in a particular brand in the Ray-Band product. It is easier to gain access to the consumer of the study because most of the organizations and companies behind these products have lists of loyal customers that assist in customer relations management.A multi-attribute model (MAM)Basic positioning strategies give a mixed result. Multi-attribute attitude models are used to predict consumer choice in multiple criteria decision making situa tions. Low price and low quality affects the economy as depicted in many manufacturing system. Multi-attribute is used in a cognitive modeling of a consumer’s choice process. In addition to the above, Multi-attribute model can be used to decide positioning focus on key attributes or give a before and after MAM choice process on changes to attitudes via either changes to beliefs or importance ratings or introducing new attributes.There is abidance in the fact that MAM has successfully combined this focus with an insightful understanding of intercultural communication. Marketing has been a crucial concept of philosophy that has draws its origins from the understanding of the market situations from the customer point of view. In the concept of marketing, Ray-ban has made it an important assignment to find out gaps existing within the market in efforts to fulfilling customer needs and taking efforts in providing products to satisfy those needs. The multi-attribute model process of doi ng so in Ray-Ban involves a number of steps that determine the effectiveness of such a process. These include situation analysis, Marketing strategy, marketing mix decisions, implementation, control, and segmentation. According to Stern, El-Ansary, and Coughlan, (1996),To help achieve this goal, the field of intercultural business communication should more strongly emphasize how to understand one’s own individual cultural identity: the sense of self derived from formal or informal membership in groups that impart knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, traditions, and ways of life.An understanding of the consumer cultural perspectives best captures these needs and desires. The concept of cultural identity that has been widely exploited by Ray-Ban Company in its marketing of sunglass efforts has translated into a bundle of benefits in its brand management and promotion. According to Stern, El-Ansary, and Coughlan, (1996), “more accurate conception of cultural identity, business ed ucation, and training would improve.” This would effectively enhance the intercultural communication of people’s from diverse backgrounds. It is on this premise that company has exploited approaches to intercultural business communication in its market segmentation. An analysis of cultural identity components that have been used by Ray-ban in the development and marketing of its products to customers include vocation, class, geography, philosophy, language or biological traits with cultural aspects.Vocation within the broad aspects of intercultural business communication defines relevant cultures in business, technical and professional communication. McDonald and Dunbar (2007), expounds that some professional and vocational fields have profound impacts on particular attitudes and traditions. Positioning strategies has effectively employed vocation as a component of cultural identity in its development and marketing strategies. This is the reason behind the development and market ing of sunglass among sports lovers.The three marketing concepts that have been advanced in literatures include “customer orientation; an organization to implement a customer orientation and long-range customer and societal welfare” customer orientation element of marketing concept proposes that the whole process of marketing focuses on the needs, wants and desires of the customers in line with individual cultural identity. An organizational implementation of customer orientation means that the philosophy of marketing involves all people in an organization who combine efforts to put the interest of the customer at the forefront of all activities while making an in-depth understanding of customer cultural identity at the focal point of these efforts.In conclusion, one common characteristic of change in basic positioning strategies is that it stays closer to the economy in efforts to achieve competitive advantage over their rivals and enable their consumers identify with their pro ducts along geographical and language lines. The reason behind the adoption of this philosophy is to discover the root causes of differences in basic positioning strategies changes based on geography and language cultural aspects of the customer ahead of their competitors. Jameson (2007) illustrates that rregional differences within countries also affect values, attitudes, and behaviour of large groups of people.” It is these difference along regional and geographical lines that marketing strategies are aligned to respond to the diverse demands of the diverse groups.Brand analysisRay-Ban has seven main lines in their sunglasses collection. These include; Families, Icons, Active Lifestyle, High Street, Fast and Furious, Tech,and Craft.Company branding is not a simple task to carry out in a competitive environment. However, Ray-Ban has managed to carry out market segmentation in a better way through the best use of marketing tools and application of cultural components of identity. The first criterion that Ray-Ban Company has used in its marketing segmentation is through the criteria of customer demographic analysis with a combination of biological traits with cultural aspects. For an organization to consider a group as a segment there is need to classify them under homogenous and heterogeneous groups. The second criterion is through the analysis of the existing competition on a given market segment.One of the key parameter that must be analysed for the success of implementation of brands is the corporate strategy. This is because brand architecture theory projects that In today’s fragmented markets, with their aggressive distribution networks and consumer segments, it is far better to exploit the targeted reputation (in terms of product and values) of the brands that people have bought precisely because they were brands.The second step is the business model; in this respect it is interesting to compare companies within the same sector, since their brand pol icy is often a reflection of their business model, the driving force of their competitive edge and their profitability. From an organizations point of view, the options presented are on whether to pursue a cost-driven or value-added competitive advantage in the support of either a broad or narrow approach to the target marketsThe secret weapon in the entire process of branding is taking a keen cognizance of the needs of the particular segment of the market (McDonald and Dunbar, 2007). The criterion is use by Ray-Ban in its market segmentation includes targeted advertising, new product development, and brand differentiation (McDonald and Dunbar, 2007). The differences in positioning, product, price, distribution or communication has been based on the demographics of the targeted market such as size of the market segment, level of affluence, and the differences in the brands that divide the segments. The advantage of advancing a single brand is that company has the capacity to pool al l its resources towards the promotion and success of the particular brand. This can in return promise the highest returns in marketing investments and branding initiatives.Ray-Banhas also effectively employed the components of cultural identity  of class, philosophy, and language in its viral marketing initiatives of sunglass. The principles of viral marketing hinge on the ability to exploit common motivators and behaviors among a specific group of people. Brand creation and leverage has been recognized as a powerful retention strategy by a number of organizations. This is because employees feel loyal and proud to work in organizations whose brands are respected by a wider population. According to Chernatony, and McDonald (2002), “the creation and promotion of brands enables an organization to retain the employees it needs for future growth”. “The brand has thus become the magnet that pulls in the best employee and this strategy only works when a company has defined its cultur e and created a clear value proposition” (Fukuda, 2003). These are core vertical integration strategies that define business success through HR management and policies. This underlines the reason behind brands such asAccording to Verbeke, Bagozzi and Farris, (2006)The purpose for segmenting a market is to allow marketing/sales program to focus on the subset of prospects that are like to buy the company’s offering. Given that the process is operated properly, it insures the highest return for the company marketing/sales expenditures. Based     on whether one is selling his offering to individual consumers or a business, there are definite differences in what you will consider when defining market segments.Marketing decisions are however, influenced by a myriad of factors that also determine largely the effectiveness of marketing efforts within an organization. According to Payne, and Frow, (2005), “the five micro and macro environmental factors that influence marketing decision s are technology, demographics, government, culture, and economics.” These factors have different levels of influence on organizations and depend primarily on the type, size, scope, and marketing activities carried out by an organization.From the above analysis, it can be adjudged that Ray-Ban Company can adopt two broad strategies by either focusing on costs driven or value added strategies in their branding initiatives. However, it should be noted here that the choice on what strategy to adopt is dictated to a large extent by the strength of the particular brand. Ray-Ban is a company with a broad opportunity for the future given the fact that it is well known but suffers from inactive spell on its image buildingAccording to McDonald and Dunbar (2007), “there are four major characteristics which define the marketing oriented organizations including shared values, organization, strategy, and stakeholders.” In addition to the above,  decision making processes within marketing oriented organizations in regard to intercultural communication focuses on the needs of the customers first and share common value and high quality of their products above their competitors. Ray-Banchain of command is constitute very few ranks within the management to ensure easier and faster decision-making processes that takes the advantage of softer policies that seek to reconceptualise cultural identity. Whereas Ray-Ban Company takes greater considerations of the suggestions and expectations of their stakeholders in important decision making processes, their structure allows for faster policy and decision institution. Last, “their core strategy is market oriented that views the market as a form of a long term perspective and are flexible and participative” (McDonald and Dunbar (2007).Content analysis of the communications of the Ray-Ban companyThe internal analysis of the communication will not only help in revealing the strength and weakness but also use the information in drawing a strategic brand management plan. In this endeavor, the external analysis takes a critical examination of the market and competitive business environment and further goes ahead to analyze the possible external factors which may affect the branding strategy laid down. Business success requires a continuous content analysis of the communication of the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of that affect the business. In this case, an investor can easily tract the performance of the marketing and plan appropriately. In this line, Ray-Ban Company will in the same way apply the concept and model of SWOT analysis in their branding pattern analysis.The SWOT analysis will take into stock the basic elements of marketing concept that include focus on customer satisfaction, needs, wants and requirements, the philosophy behind the marketing needs to be owned by all stakeholders and it must address and identify future needs.Best strategies to avoid the pitfalls associated with t he introduction of a new product and subsequent communication will therefore be addressed by the SWOT analysis. This is well expounded by ref in stating that it makes sense to understand that communication is not about getting your target market to choose you over the competition, but it is about getting your prospects to see you as the only one that provides a solution to their problem.The decisions on product policy are on the other hand related to the assortment and the type of product. As Stone et.al (2002) has warned, customers are at times frustrated with the different assortment of the products offered because of lack of delineation on efficient communication. However, it should be borne in mind that companies that have opt for clear distinction of their products through strong and unique branding techniques have achieve much access especially in the introduction of new products into a competitive environment.In other instances, the issue of lack of communication between the brand name and the logo may offer very little incentive and thus bottleneck to the communication strategies of these brands. The best approach is to make a simple have the greatest impact. Consumers are best comfortable with an idea they can easily understand. Lastly there is need to create humor in the communication message to attract customers. There is a demonstrated link between customers and things and their drive their positive sides of emotion.Brief advertising content analysis and means-end chain analysisRay-Band Company is an international company that deals with sunglass product. Ray-Band is well known as the company seeking to deliver quality products as well as customer service. The ability of Ray-Band to maintain its customer has generated recommendable profit in recent past.For Ray-Band Company, advertising and brand promotion and the other intangible assets represents a significant proportion of a corporations absolute value. The globalization and changes in business practices has however meant that the traditional approaches to advertising strategies and brands management are rapidly evolving as Ray-Band to gain an edge over its rivals for the same customers. These changes in management represent a move away from a management systems focused on the individual management of a broad to a more holistic management of the entire customer management in an organization, while paying added cognizance to the management of specific brands configurations, increasing role of advertisement, the promotion of brand awareness and brand image. These have been observed to have greater impact on consumer perception to purchase Ray-band product such as sunglass.The evolution and emerging paradigms of brand management have been well documented in the works of Zeithaml (2002), who trace the evolution of brand management from the origins of the first national brands to present status, whereby the important perspectives affecting brand management are well highlighted. Other aspects have added a lot of inputs on how efficient advertising and brand management away from the traditional formats should be carried out to elicit and instigate customer perception to purchase.   For example, Barney, (1991)  have sought to bridge the gap in literature that exists in advertisement, the promotion of brand awareness and brand image by gauging consumer perceptions of localized and standardized advertisements in Hong Kong.The global advertising strategy as advanced by the authors through the moderation of the role of brand familiarity and execution style translate to the fact that well-known brands with transformational appeals are more likely to succeed when transferred to Hong Kong, while localized advertising messages will be more effective when brand familiarity is low (Barney, 1991). Other authors have advanced several other postulates in regard to the role of advertising in affecting promoting brand awareness and brand image development triggering consu mer perception to purchase. Caniëls and Gelderman (2005), has pointed out that there are some similarities and differences among customers with different levels of brand familiarity regarding satisfaction formation and behavioral intentions. The levels of familiarity has however been pointed out to revolve around the strategies in advertising employed by a firm. Through the assessment of a self-reported item, the author was able to measure the level of familiarity of a given product and relate this to the generating factors in levels of familiarity.The issues of advertisement as concerns product-market environmental issues are seen to take relevance within the contexts of the competitive threats and opportunities facing firms given the changing consumer markets, which has necessitated the need for adaptive reactions in advertising strategies has also dominated literature in the past . Kim (1992) has investigated the effectiveness of advertising in the light of the shift of marketin g budgets in favor of promotions. According to Kim (1992), firms are seen to adopt different approaches towards such redresses including corporate downsizing, changes in services and relationships dimensions and changing brand management focus in an attempt to achieve reapportions that are compatible with their objectives. As a consequence, corporations need to pay increased cognizance to their advertising and branding initiatives, including the search for initiatives that will ensure for the strength of their brands. As earlier delineated, brands are symbols that customers have leant to trust over time and they signal intangible product qualities.The attainment of objectives of advertising strategies has been presented as a multifaceted issue though, given the current market operatives and the increasing value imperatives by the customers. Park and Srinivasan, (1994) in his work explains how marketers have begun to pair their new brands with existing brands that have powerful image s attached to them in the hopes of linking these positive images with their products. The author attempts to investigate the impacts of advertisement on brand image building and brand development.   The author proceeds to give a list of companies that have successfully promoted and developed their brands throughadvertisement based on classical conditioning, a method for developing associations.Within the cacophony of brand creation, awareness and advertising, substantial influence of celebrities has long been acknowledged and exploited by advertisers. Celebrities are used to endorse all number of products with varying success. A considerable amount of academic research has been conducted into the phenomenon with obvious implications for the advertising industry. Such research has found a number of variables which moderate the effectiveness of an endorsement. The role of celebrities in the development and triggering consumer perception to purchase and the impact on the brand they end orse has also been investigated, albeit to a limited extent.Indeed, the effective advertisement and management of brands of Ray-Band Company has become a major priority for its operations of all sizes in the different department and markets. The reasons for this are certainly clear; strong brands are positively correlated with customer loyalty and profits. However, the efficient management of brands can present challenges, especially in the case where managers are unable to accurately evaluate and assess their brands particular strengths and weaknesses objectively. One major limitation that has been presented in both academic and empirical literature is on how to deal with the multifaceted issue of products development, advertising, celebrity endorsement and brand promotion.

Determining Women Athletes Identify As Influences On Their...

My study examines the factors women athletes identify as influences on their participation in sports. The findings show that there are both obstacles and facilitators which influence their participation in sport. Interpersonal, intrapersonal, recommendations and environmental factors are facilitators to participation in sports while obstacles include financial constraints, time, and lack of social support. This chapter will provide conclusions and recommendations. Summary The study shows that athletes recognize more facilitators than obstacles to their participation in sports. Apart from doctor and policy recommendations for the recreational participants, both recreational and elite participants identify influence by the same factors. Participants engage in physical activities to improve their general quality of life and well-being.†¨ The level of importance participants give to each influence differs depending on whether they are recreational or elite athletes. Recreational athletes are mostly (80%) influenced by intrapersonal factors and extrinsically motivated to engage in physical activity, while the elite athletes are mostly (70%) influenced by interpersonal factors and intrinsically motivated to participate in sports. The participants who were following doctor recommendations or institutional policy were all recreational athletes. This this group of participants act as a sub-set of recreational participants/athletes and are extrinsically mo tivated. Participants comeShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Is Not A New Controversy1974 Words   |  8 Pagesforms has been happening since the very beginning of physical activity and sport. Some forms of discrimination in sport include sexism, gender stereotyping, homophobia, and racism. All forms of discrimination affect everyone involved in sport, from athletes to coaches, spectators to owners. 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Persuasive Essay - Persuasive Outline - 1380 Words

Luis Mendoza Professor Shears June 24, 2016 Persuasive Outline I. Attention Grabber: In the last twenty years, the reputation of marijuana has evolved and possibly in the best way. People’s opinions have shifted from seeing the hemp plant as a drug with no use other than a temporary high, to a plant that could possibly be the definition of versatile. II. Motivation for listening: Did you know that currently 25 states and D.C have legalized marijuana for medicinal use? Yes a 50%. I believe that society to some extent has played a key role in accepting marijuana in a medicinal way. As the generation X diminishes and the millennial’s increase we slowly have come to accept marijuana in society especially for its medicinal uses. III. Establish Credibility: I have done my research and currently cigarette smoking kills about 480,000 each year in the United States, which is about 1,300 people per day, yet the government has not made any changes to minimize the sales of it and it actually possesses a threat to your body. Now, marijuana has not yet been linked to any deaths which is a start in the path for legalization of marijuana nationwide. IV. Thesis Statement: The hemp plant for many years has been used for many things such as food in the breakdown of seeds, clothing, paper, jewelry and building materials, but I would say that today the most useful and effective variant of the hemp plant would be medicinal marijuana. V. 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Unleashing the Vortex of Marketing Free Essays

Basically, marketing revolves around the vortex of financial gain mixed with the never ending maze of public relation skills and forecasting methods.   In first sight, it may sound easy to have a product sold on the market—but on real issues and basis on testimonies from those who are under the schema of marketing and commerce, the challenge comes in a full turn of abilities and finesse.   Perceivably, an individual who does not possess the skill to persuade and create a dimension of intellectual connection over the consumers, then it may be evaluated as an employer or a producer with empty pockets and shallow hands. We will write a custom essay sample on Unleashing the Vortex of Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world of commerce is vast and vague; one who does not get a ticket to the â€Å"clear† vision on that field will eventually end up on the banquet with rugged clothes, per se.   In further illustration, marketing is like a â€Å"battle of tycoons† the targets are on the center—the consumers—and the probability of having that â€Å"target† get on one’s sleeve is to outweigh all the other players of the realm—consequently a hard task since there are those who may be as competent as you are or rather one’s product is highly focused by the consumer in some instance. Moreover, the idea that every customer is in different markets at different times and different places is not as heretical as it initially might sound. For instance, newspaper publishers have long recognized that most of their customers have more leisure time on Sundays to read the paper and accordingly have filled that edition with a greater number and wider variety of stories. Similarly, airlines, hotels, and car-rental companies find that the desires of their clients differ greatly depending on whether they are traveling for business or for leisure—and differ yet again when they combine the two. One executive at a major airline remarked, â€Å"We’ve even found that the needs of business travelers differ depending on whether they are going to or coming from a meeting.† In the apparel industry, a given customer could be in the market for casual wear at one time and for business attire at another (Vitale, 1998). Reference Vitale, J. G. (1998). There’s a Customer Born Every Minute: P.T. Barnum’s Secrets to Business Success. New York: AMACOM Books.       How to cite Unleashing the Vortex of Marketing, Essay examples

A2Z Cosmetics Internet and E-Business - Free Assignment Sample

Question: Describe about the Benefits and barriers to a business considering its online presence, security and legislative issues facing the online business and compare and contrast two models by assessing the benefits and challenges of A2Z Cosmetics? Answer: Introduction: The term E-business denotes the use of computer-mediated networks, so that a wide range of commercial transaction can take place. This concept of E-business is used to transform and automate a firm-level business process. It manages value chain more effectively across the firms. Additionally E-commerce gives customer support application and services where E-business can conclude human resource functions, supply-chain management, sales-force automation and other useful application for the automation of the firms core processes. While it is much concerned about the economic advantages regarding internet-enabled commerce, it is evident that with the use of internet it made the internet able to serve the maps and location tracking service to serve the reinforcement of unequal economic situation. E-business provides real returns to the firms, which makes the firm more profitable and productive. The ability to generate profit by the experiencing E-business has proven the exceeding capability of the most predicted optimistic economic scenario. Environment for E-business: E-business environment refers to a larger business context, which is also called macro environment. It includes those uncontrollable and external factors, such as social, technological and political components- the virtual organizations, which in turn influence the decision making strategies in an organization. These factors influence changes in interest rates, involvement of competitors, government rules and changes due to the cultural tastes (Borck, 2015). As far as the business strategy is concerned, it is very important to carry out the environmental analysis to identify the issues clearly. There are varieties of acronyms STEP or PEST in use for the macro environment. Being contrary to the popular belief that, E-commerce is not just using the web. Ecommerce is well enough for the B2B transaction before the back of internet in 70s vial EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) through value added networks (VANs). Ecommerce are divided into four categories: C2C, C2B, B2B, and B2C (Business Insider, 2015). Business to Business: Companies do business with each other, such as, wholesalers sales to retailers, manufacturers sells to the distributors. On the quantity of order, pricing is based, which can be negotiable. Business to consumer: Business who sales their products to the public through catalogs using available software on shopping cart. Consumer to Business (C2B): A consumer uploaded his/her project online with a desired budget, that consumers given requirements are reviewed by the company and bid on that project. The bids are reviewed by the consumer and consumer selects the most suitable company which will compete the project by fulfill the requirements. Consumer-to-Consumer: There is availability of many sites, which provides classifieds, forums, auctions where individuals are able to buy and sell with the association of online payment systems like PayPal, which allow sending and receiving money online. Auction service by eBay is a good example of person-to-person transactions, where transactions take place every day since 1995 (City.ac.uk, 2015). Companies, who are using internal networks to offer services and products online to their employees- not necessarily, meant to be on the web always- are engaged in Business-to-Employee (B2E) commerce. There are other kind of commerce, which takes place to govern so may type of transactions with govt. for the process to fill the taxes, to do business registration or to renewing of license takes place , such as, Government-to-Government (G2G), Government-to-Business (G2B), Government-to-Employee (G2E), Business-to-Government (B2G), Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Citizen-to-Government (C2G). A2Z Cosmetics, which is a newly established fashion and cosmetics business facing several challenges to capture their most possible share form market. Industries are changing rapidly, which makes it uncertain for the adaptation of the A2Z Cosmetics to the fashion industry. As far e-commerce is concerned, here Business-to-Customer (B2C) environment of e-commerce make it worth working. For example, if A2Z Cosmetics are trying to sell their cosmetics and available services, they will upload the required catalog of their services, product, along with prices, so that the consumer can choose appropriate product or services as per their requirement. Benefits and barriers to a business considering its online presence: There is common misconception on buying domain name requires setting up a website immediately. Rather, when a business selects and makes registration with a domain name, there are many ways, which can be used to establish the presence over web. Benefits: To have strong internet presence makes it more than selling products instantly. Ultimately, it builds business credibility. Recently, in a survey consists of millions of consumers by Weebly (web hosting service), where 56% of response giver said that they dont trust business without a website, which represents them. Now a day consumers are looking for interaction with the companies and want to build relationship with companies (Dob.nt.gov.au, 2015). In this context, it made sense that the small business should believe in the power of making their online presence, as it helps the upcoming business not to miss the inexpensive way towards the brand awareness and to grow its customer base. To claim an online lead for the brand is one of key decisions the owner must make, such as picking the right domain name. It is important to consider their domain choice carefully, as it is the online hub of the brand. For instance a business owner must take some time to carefully consider what domain name extension, such as, .COM, .NET, .TV etc is best to choose among form them for their business. Once brand set up their online presence, it is time for the business owner to steer the sheep when topic came to make marketing decision which in actual get the customers to the websites. Barriers: As far barriers are concerned, this focuses its light on the facts, which can drag the whole concept of E-business behind. These are often seen for the small business or those business, which are just now stepping their feet into the industry. Such of these facts are- lack of time to implement the e-business, the high level of associated complexity, lack of technological expertise for the engagement of the e-business, resistance to change the work practices in order to adopt the business technology, lacking compatibility between e-business and current technologies, concerns on security management of e-business, lack of financial resources, lack of trust to adopt the e-business technology, lacking the concept/plan to implement the e-business strategy, inadequate competition within industry. Security and legislative issues facing the online business of A2Z Cosmetics: As a new undertaking business, which is going to step its feet into the industry, it may such security issues, which are- Information security: In the past, this simply means to be ensured whether information was locked in the safe or drawer, but in this technology era, where we are concerned about the extended challenges to be more secure about the information contained on the companys server, networking devices, etc. Threats can come from hackers, efforts of foreign espionage, or even form competitors for obtaining corporate or personal information contained on the systems, which might have crucial importance to others. Hence, cyber security is a paramount matter for companys security personnel. Stolen or lost physical storage devices: Being as important as the internet security threats, devices such as, cell phone, computer, USB flash drives, CDs/DVDs, hard drives fall into this category. There is lot of information carried by this kind of devices, hence one should be conscious enough not to allow these devices are misplaced or get lost. This kind of devices carries security measures like passwords, additional information to access other devices and credentials. Human Error and insider threat: There is a suggestion from the researches done previously, where majority of security breaches take origination from external resources. Hence, external threat can originate within the organization. For example, if one of companys trusted employee stole proprietary information of her/his employer. Insider threats who involves the misuse of his/her authorized privileges, have long presented serious problem for the private sector and the government sector computer system. In addition by having access to the companys networks, insiders are able to understand the way things work, they know where the data resides, how the data are made available, which make them able to have opportune time to destroy the whole system introducing malware or by disrupting the system. Natural Disasters and Accidents: Accidental deletion, natural disasters (e.g. Floods, fires etc.), computer crashes, hardware failure, all these can cripple a business permanently. These kind of threats are needed to take care equally, like cyber attacks, emergencies. Cybercrime in the United States: Year Complaints received Dollar loss in millions 2001 50,412 17.8 2002 75,064 54.0 2003 124,515 125.6 2004 207,449 68.1 2005 231,493 183.1 2006 207,492 198.4 2007 206,884 239.1 2008 275,284 264.6 2009 336,655 559.7 2010 303,809 0 2011 314,246 $485.3 Different modes of communication available to an e-business and their applications: As technology is progressing, new communications are taking birth and with the evolution they are getting old. In business, when business owner is trying to communicate with the employees, client, customers, he/she may have choices to make marketing or interpersonal communications, electronic media are though critical enough to do the task cost-effectively and efficiently, they are crucial to pursue with. The medium are such as- Mobile devices: As a less formal mode of communication, people are increasingly are in use of text messages, short emails using PDAs (personal digital assistants), cell phones. PDAs with ability to use internet has changed the work experience with e-mail, much like the way of sending quick messages, but with the different connection type. As a result of this not only the business associates make communication with other mobile devices, but many companies gain the ability to do marketing to customers via text messages. Social Networking Media: The ability and use of social networking media started evolving. Companies do promotion of events, offer discounts, and communicate with customers, drawing attention to sales with the use of social networking media. For example, recruiters can search for CFO (chief financial officer) candidate being connected with the CFOs who are listed on the social networking site of business. All these gave a new way to reach people without being in touch with previous secretaries or lot of efforts behind to find out their personal phone number. Email: Being one of the older form of communication done electronically, Email remains a staple of era of modern business, Due to its versatility, email is in use for asking questions, getting relative answer, making awareness of issues to people, holding group conference, passing documents, sharing of information and much more. Most of the organizations now admit email as legal proof and evidence of transactions and contracts. Relevant internet technologies and their importance in making an e-business successful: The industry on e-commerce comprised of varieties of services and products, which includes, Hardware components, such as, firewalls, routers, servers, digital switches and work stations); and varieties of software products. Software technologies are upgrading day by day in an high proportion to manage the traffic online and to meet the requirement of fast growing e-commerce challenges. As a basic web base application e-commerce application needs to be three tired application. 1st tire is considered as user interface layer to handle client-side technologies to create flashy and interactive web pages as a form of data validation, such as HTML, DHTML, and JavaScript etc. For 2nd tire there exists scripting engines and web container. Correspondingly both the server side technologies- scripting language (e.g. PHP, JS) and programming languages (C++, C, J2EE) are in use (Docs.oracle.com, 2015). For 3rd tire, it is considered as data layer, whose components are database management system (DBMS) and corresponding data sources. There are lots of DBMSs are available in market in order to fulfill the requirement. They are Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, IBM DB2 etc. There are such Web server in use, such as, Apache, Wamp, Xampp, Microsoft IIS etc. and for the development of JSP components and java servlets , WEB containers are required. While telecommunication technology is concerned topic for an organization to communicate over internet, there are varieties of communication protocol are in use consists of digital rules to exchange data within or between computers. Some of the best known protocols that are in use are IPX/SPX, AX.25, X.25, TCP/IP, and Apple talk. Now a day VoIP technology is in use for a multi-provider, interoperable environment, as the providers and vendors tend to develop their services or products on their own way, where VoIP gives popular service as current telephony system and widely used in industrial or public applications (Ebusiness.cs.cmu.edu, 2015). These are protocol are arranged depending on the grouped functionality, for instance, there is group of Internet layer protocol. The functionalities in groups are mapped onto the layers. Each layer is in use to solve a particular problem, which is related to each other, for instance, Internet-network interface functions, application-transport functions (Mashable, 2013). Main features of HTML: HTML is the language in which all web pages are designed since mid of 1990s. It is a big thing to learn all the major pieces of HTML. Some useful characteristics are- Basic HTML takes care of such features to include paragraphs, numbered and bulleted lists, titles and so on. More controls over style feature like colors, fonts and positioning, the CSS (Cascade Style Sheets) standard is the nice way to do so. To view someone elses internal structure of a web page, one can view the source code form view option of a HTML window. Tables can be built also, in order to group rows and columns. Forms are also used in a web page, in order to link another page dynamically, to meet the readers requirements. SSI (Server Side Includes) features allow to automatically include page URLs and timestamps or insertion of other file content can also be done. By executing scripts, which generate contents each time a page get loaded (Open.ac.uk, 2015). Functions of clients, servers and browsers: To economize the bandwidth and performance, a client server system creates both of a server that holds client software which access the data from the server and all system data. The client software requests for the immediate requirement from the server and the server will fulfill the requests. This system also responsible to create a layer of security in order to allow server to only fulfill requests made at a time by authorized client. Clients, who are sending requests to the server, use browser to send request by having an internet connection. There are some browsers at the client end, such as, Mozilla Firefox, Google chrome etc (School-for-champions.com, 2015). Role of search engines and its application for A2Z Cosmetics: Now a day Search Engine Optimization is more important to those business who are stepping their feet into the industry as SEO provides solution to the low cost promotion. The business information can be delivered worldwide to those prospective buyers via online dictionary and search engines. Visitors, who are coming to the organizations websites through the search engines, are seeking for the specific products and information. Hence the organization A2Z Cosmetics is assured of focused, comprehensive and targeted web presence in this context (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015). Use of intranets and extranets within business communications: Intranets serve an organizations requirements on digital communication. Intranet provides a secure space to store, access and retrieve data and to develop electronic materials. By reducing errors and speeding up workflow, intranets provide a way to replace the old business solution to gain efficiency. Some specific applications are included, where multiple employees are able to access the same files, digital reference databases to look up the figures and facts, software for instant messaging, internal email etc (Tutor2u.net, 2015). Extranets connect multiple: Extranet connects multiple intranets together, so the major use of this is to provide the valuable cooperation between various organizations on joint projects, information sharing and initiatives. Different e-business models to generate revenue for a business: There are various revenue models available, such as- Revenue model used for Web catalogue Revenue model for digital content Revenue model for advertising support. Mixed revenue model for advertising-subscription. Fee-for-Transaction Revenue Model. Revenue Model for Fee-for-service (Diigo.com, 2015). Compare and contrast two models by assessing the benefits and challenges: Fee-for-Transaction Model Revenue Model for Fee-for-service In this revenue model business offering services charge fee based on size or number of the transaction. This model does not relate to agent or broker provided services to complete transaction. After receiving fee, online travel agents facilitate a transaction for their clients. Professional services are provided online in this model by lawyers, accountants, doctors etc. Report on future developments in e-business models: E-business offers so many business advantages for the traditional business. E-business helps in overcoming the business constrains by providing the widest range of products to the customers without having them in their respective warehouses. As much as people are adopting this E-business, they are updating this technology for the ease of use by application of mobile commerce. Along with this revolution people are adopting wireless devices to access internet on them. In this context integration of enterprise application is beneficial, but some organization is unable for integration due to have modern application with legacy system (Tutor2u.net, 2015). Key features of good website design structure and Impact of a well-designed website on an e-business: The under mentioned elements are necessary as a guide to help websites owner. Here are top six elements for good website: Providing good visual design: Use of themes to the topic can help the web designer to keep content on track. Content: A good website with relevant content delivers readers requirement. Navigation: Navigation is considered as the GPS of a website. The Nav bars are the available button in the website direct the visitors, where they need go for the information. Call to action: with this Call to Action is a set of words that give indication to the visitors of website to take immediate action while on website. Credibility: A good website win the trust of the visitors by incorporating items to identify the website as a legitimate resource Mobile site: One must make it sure that the implemented website is viewable on an internet enabled mobile device. So that, more and more visitors can increase in numbers to go through the website using mobile. Issues concerning website usability: Content: Content is the key to a good web page and often critical for the usable and effective website. Page Layout: While many websites are facing issues on scroll up and down to read entire content, they may find it irrelevant to stay. To keep the page simple and clean Grid Layouts are great way to position the contents. Colors: One must make sure about the colors, while choosing colors and use color theory for good color scheme. HTML: HTML learning can familiarize web page designers about building of web pages. CSS: Various CSS style properties are used to affect the look of the web page to get the displays more prominent. Download speed: If a search engine has choices to provide ranking among two or more pages, the faster page will gain the highest ranking even with the difference of milliseconds also. Conclusion: After a thorough observation, a conclusion came into the point that, e-commerce has become an important even essential part of todays modern society. The WWW or the World Wide Web is the most usable part of our daily routine. As the availability of web developers no a day become more reachable with low prices, so, all the small or medium scale companies can afford to use the world wide web to sell their products. Though gaining benefits by adapting these technologies is not easy, as A2Z Cosmetics need to overcome many barriers associated with their implementation plan. For example, one of the negative impacts of e-commerce is to have lack of selling advice and guidance for the accommodation of customer service online to answer any question. It is important to note that; e-commerce does not give equal benefit to all the small companies. Amount of benefit a company gets from the e-commerce, depends on the kind of service the e-commerce giving. Above all these, e-commerce does benefit a ny kind of business even in minimum amount. References Borck, J. (2015). Transforming e-business: E-services. [online] JavaWorld. Available at: https://www.javaworld.com/article/2076217/transforming-e-business--e-services.html [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Business Insider, (2015). THE FUTURE OF RETAIL: 2014 [SLIDE DECK]. [online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/THE-FUTURE-OF-RETAIL-2014-SLIDE-DECK/articleshow/32755733.cms [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. City.ac.uk, (2015). Part-time full-time e-Business Systems | Postgraduate MSc Course | City University London. 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